Mad Cow Risk Low for Hemophilia Patients
WASHINGTON (AP) - Patients with hemophilia and other blood-clotting disorders face an uncertain though probably very low risk of contracting the human form of mad cow disease from medicines made using donated plasma, health officials said Monday.
There are no known cases of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, as the human form of the disease is known, in patients who have received human plasma derivatives, the Food and Drug Administration said. But there have been three cases, all in the United Kingdom, of people developing the disease after they had received red blood cells from infected donors.
Keep reading here.
There are no known cases of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, as the human form of the disease is known, in patients who have received human plasma derivatives, the Food and Drug Administration said. But there have been three cases, all in the United Kingdom, of people developing the disease after they had received red blood cells from infected donors.
Keep reading here.
Predicting susceptibility and incubation time of human-to-human transmission of vCJD
Lancet Neurology DOI:10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70413-6
MT Bishop a, P Hart b, L Aitchison b, HN Baybutt b, C Plinston b, V Thomson b, NL Tuzi b, MW Head a, JW Ironside a, RG Will a and JC Manson b
Summary
Background
Identification of possible transmission of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) via blood transfusion has caused concern over spread of the disease within the human population. We aimed to model iatrogenic spread to enable a comparison of transmission efficiencies of vCJD and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and an assessment of the effect of the codon-129 polymorphism on human susceptibility.
Methods
Mice were produced to express human or bovine prion protein (PrP) by direct replacement of the mouse PrP gene. Since the human PrP gene has variation at codon 129, with MM, VV, and MV genotypes, three inbred lines with an identical genetic background were produced to express human PrP with the codon-129 MM, MV, and VV genotypes. Mice were inoculated with BSE or vCJD and assessed for clinical and pathological signs of disease.
Findings
BSE was transmitted to the bovine line but did not transmit to the human lines. By contrast, vCJD was transmitted to all three human lines with different pathological characteristics for each genotype and a gradation of transmission efficiency from MM to MV to VV.
Interpretation
Transmission of BSE to human beings is probably restricted by the presence of a significant species barrier. However, there seems to be a substantially reduced barrier for human-to-human transmission of vCJD. Moreover, all individuals, irrespective of codon-129 genotype, could be susceptible to secondary transmission of vCJD through routes such as blood transfusion. A lengthy preclinical disease is predicted by these models, which may represent a risk for further disease transmission and thus a significant public-health issue.
Affiliations
a. National CJD Surveillance Unit, Bryan Matthews Building, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
b. Institute for Animal Health, Neuropathogenesis Unit, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, UK
Correspondence to: Prof J C Manson, Institute for Animal Health, Neuropathogenesis Unit, Ogston Building, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JF, UK
snip...
Discussion
Although the cattle BSE epidemic in the UK has
amounted to more than 180 000 cases since the 1980s,
the extent of the human vCJD epidemic has so far
remained limited with the total number of cases
worldwide currently at 190. One explanation for this
apparent discrepancy is that there exists a significant
species barrier between cattle and human beings, which
limits the susceptibility of the human population to
BSE. The data shown here suggest that this could
indeed be the case since BSE was readily transmissible
to the bovine transgenic mice but not to the human
transgenic mice. However, once BSE has passed
through human beings in the form of vCJD, the
transmissibility of this TSE strain is altered for the
human population.
All the human transgenic lines inoculated with BSE
were negative for TSE transmission, which suggests that
either the human transgenic lines are relatively resistant
to transmission of BSE or the incubation time is longer
than the length of the experiment (approximately
700 days). BSE transmission previously observed by
others, in human transgenic lines overexpressing the
human prion protein, could be due to overexpression of
the PrP gene and may not therefore give a true reflection
of the species barrier between BSE and human
beings.15,25,26 This apparent resistance of human transgenic
mice to BSE could be explained by a large species barrier
and this in turn could explain the low number of vCJD
cases in the human population.
vCJD was transmitted to all three human lines with
different pathological characteristics for each genotype,
and a gradation of transmission efficiency from MM to
MV to VV. The greater transmission efficiency in HuMM
mice suggests that homozygosity for methionine at
codon 129 leads to earlier onset of TSE-related
pathological features and clinical disease than for the
other two genotypes. The differences in PrPSc deposition
in the HuMM and HuMV lines suggest that the codon-
129 polymorphism in human beings is likely to affect
the distribution of PrPSc deposition in the brain.
Moreover, the similar numbers that scored positive for
PrP deposition in each of the MM and MV groups (11/15
and 11/13 respectively) suggest that the two genotypes
might be equally susceptible to vCJD, but with different
incubation periods. Titration experiments are needed to
fully compare the susceptibility of each line. The single
HuVV mouse positive for PrPSc shows that VV
individuals may be susceptible to vCJD with very long
incubation times, including a lengthy subclinical phase.
Transmission studies from all three genotype mice are
now underway to examine the infectious nature of the
disease and determine any alterations in the strain
characteristics on passage through human transgenic
mice. By contrast with published data suggesting that
VV individuals cannot propagate the vCJD biochemical
phenotype,15 the data presented here suggest that the
PrPSc type will remain a useful diagnostic feature of
secondary vCJD infection irrespective of codon-129
genotype, as has been observed for the two extant cases
of transfusion-associated vCJD infection. 5,27
Transmission of vCJD to the three lines of human
transgenic mice indicates that the human population
could be at significantly heightened risk of developing
disease after iatrogenic exposure to vCJD. Secondary
transmission of vCJD has partly removed the cattle-to-
human species barrier and has resulted in an agent that
can be transmitted from human to human with relative
efficiency. Transmission studies in cynomolgus macaques
provide further evidence for this agent adaptation as they
show reduction in incubation times after serial passage
of BSE.28 Our BSE inoculation at 10-1 dilution was
compared with vCJD inoculation at 10-2 because the latter
inoculum was found to be toxic to the mice at 10-1. Use of
a higher dose ofvCJD inoculum would have maintained
or increased the transmission efficiency of vCJD and
enhanced the current findings.
Our findings raise concerns relevant to the possibility
of secondary transmission of vCJD through blood
transfusion, fractionated blood products, or contaminated
surgical instruments. For this study mice were injected
intracerebrally, whereas the probable human exposure to
these agents is by peripheral routes (eg, oral or
intravenous), and thus human-to-human exposures
might be significantly less efficient. However, it is difficult
to know for sure what the practical implications might be
in human beings. Peripheral route challenge is in
progress; however, BSE transmission studies in primates
have shown the intravenous route to be as efficient as the
intracerebral route, with an extension of the incubation
time.28
Although all cases of vC]D up to now have been
observed in the MM genotype, this model of human-to-
human vCJD transmission suggests that other genotypes
are also susceptible. In our experimental setting, all
PRNP codon-129 genotypes are susceptible to vCJD
infection; however, progressive development of
pathological TSE features (vacuolation and PrP
deposition) is more rapid in the MM-genotype mice. An
explanation for this finding might be provided by in-vitro
conversion of recombinant human PrP by BSE and vCJD
agents, which has shown that PrP with methionine at
position 129 is more efficiently converted than PrP with
valine, and that conversion by vCJD is significantly more
efficient than by BSE.29 Long incubation periods during
which PrPSc is deposited predicts that, in human beings,
infection could be present in all genotypes for a significant
period before clinical onset. Incubation periods of more
than 30 years have been reported in the human TSE
disease kuru.30
The possibility that an MV or VV genotype could result
in a phenotype distinct from that recognised in vCJD
draws attention to the importance of systematic
assessment of the clinical, genetic, pathological, and
biochemical features of all human prion diseases. Our
findings indicate that for human-to-human vCJD infection
it should be assumed that all codon-129
genotype individuals (not just MM) can be infected, that
long incubation times can occur, and that a significant
level of subclinical disease might be present in the population.
Contributors
MTB, PH, and CP did immunocytochemical and western blot analysis;
JCM, NT, HNB, and LA produced the transgenic mouse lines; JWI
supplied vCJD case material and reviewed the neuropathology; VT did
the mouse inoculations; and MTB, PH, MWH, RGW, JWI, and JCM
prepared the manuscript.
Conflicts of interest
We have no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments
snip... end
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laneur/article/PIIS1474442206704136/abstract?isEOP=true
TSS
PRODUCT
Red Blood Cells, Leukocytes Reduced, Recall # B-0456-7
CODE
Unit number 5213589
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER
Oklahoma Blood Institute, Sylvan N. Goldman Center, Oklahoma City, OK, by facsimile dated March18, 2005. Firm initiated recall is complete.
REASON
Blood product, which was collected from an unsuitable donor based on risk factors for variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD), was distributed.
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE
1 unit
DISTRIBUTION
OK
______________________________
PRODUCT
a) Red Blood Cells, Leukocytes Reduced, Recall # B-0459-7;
b) Recovered Plasma, Recall # B-0460-7
CODE
a) and b) Unit: 4765590
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER
Oklahoma Blood Institute, Sylvan N. Goldman Center, Oklahoma City, OK, by facsimile dated April 5, 2005. Firm initiated recall is complete.
REASON
Blood products, which were collected from an unsuitable donor based on risk factors for variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD), were distributed.
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE
2 units
DISTRIBUTION
Oklahoma and Switzerland
______________________________
PRODUCT
a) Red Blood Cells, Leukocytes Reduced, Recall # B-0461-7;
b) Recovered Plasma, Recall # B-0462-7
CODE
a) and b) Unit number 4900925
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER
Oklahoma Blood Institute, Sylvan N. Goldman Center, Oklahoma City, OK, by facsimile dated March 11, 2005. Firm initiated recall is complete.
REASON
Blood products, which were collected from an unsuitable donor based on risk factors for variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD), were distributed
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE
2 units
DISTRIBUTION
Oklahoma and Switzerland
______________________________
PRODUCT
a) Red Blood Cells, Leukocytes Reduced, Recall # B-0463-7;
b) Recovered Plasma, Recall # B-0464-7
CODE
a) and b) Unit number 5253844
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER
Oklahoma Blood Institute, Sylvan N. Goldman Center, Oklahoma City, OK, by facsimile dated July 7, 2005. Firm initiated recall is complete.
REASON
Blood products, which were collected from an unsuitable donor based on risk factors for variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD), were distributed
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE
2 units
DISTRIBUTION
Oklahoma and Switzerland
______________________________
PRODUCT
a) Red Blood Cells, Recall # B-0474-7;
b) Recovered Plasma, Recall # B-0475-7
CODE
a) and b) Unit: 0249958
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER
The Blood Center, New Orleans, LA, by telephone and facsimile beginning July 20, 2005. Firm initiated recall is complete.
REASON
Blood products, collected from a donor who was at increased risk for new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (nvCJD), were distributed.
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE
2 units
DISTRIBUTION
CA and LA
______________________________
PRODUCT
a) Red Blood Cells, Recall # B-0481-7;
b) Platelets, Recall # B-0482-7;
c) Fresh Frozen Plasma, Recall # B-0483-7
CODE
a), b), and c) Unit 0253260
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER
The Blood Center, New Orleans, LA, by telephone and facsimile beginning July 25, 2005. Firm initiated recall is complete.
REASON
Blood products, collected from a donor who may have been at increased risk for new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (nvCJD), were distributed.
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE
3 units
DISTRIBUTION
CA and LA
===========================================================
RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: BIOLOGICS -- CLASS I
______________________________
PRODUCT
Human Tissue for Transplantation:
a) Achilles Tendon Frozen;
b) Patellar Ligament Hemi, Frozen;
c) Cartilage in Saline Vacuum;
d) Tibialis Anterior Tendon, Frozen
e) Tibialis Tendon Frozen;
f) Tibialis Tendon Posterior Frozen;
Recall # B-0114-7;
a) Fascia Lyo 101-150 sq cm;
b) Pericardium Lyo 26-50 sq cm;
c) ) Semitendonosus / Gracilis Frozen;
d) Patella Ligament Whole Frozen,
Recall # B-0115-7
CODE
a) 03-0178792, 03-0173682, 03-0168103, 03-0168104, 03-0162640, 03-0168841, 03-0181591, 03-0168302, 03-0179205, 03-0181592, 03-0042572, 03-0155372, 03-0182234, 03-0032401, 03-0174931, 03-0155371, 03-0161144, 03-0182782, 03-0182623, 03-0181628, 03-0182051, 03-0032400, 03-0168301, 03-0147962, 03-0173822, 03-0182235, 03-0181627, 03-0128130, 03-0162639, 03-0182783, 03-0182624, 03-0161143, 03-0182052, 03-0151503, 03-0147961, 03-0042571, 03-0179206, 03-0172621, 03-0135831, 03-0174932, 03-0173821, 03-0173681, 03-0172251, 03-0178791, 03-0173841, 03-0173842;
b) 03-0168842, 03-0181593, 03-0135832, 03-0181595, 03-0182781, 03-0178796, 03-0182625, 03-0182626, 03-0168844, 03-0173823, 03-0173825, 03-0179203, 03-0173826, 03-0182011, 03-0182049, 03-0179202, 03-0042574, 03-0139081, 03-0151502, 03-0147967, 03-0168102, 03-0162641, 03-0161142, 03-0128132, 03-0042575, 03-0168101, 03-0172618, 03-0181594, 03-0162643, 03-0168843, 03-0181438, 03-0172252, 03-0181596, 03-0178793, 03-0178794, 03-0032405, 03-0139084, 03-0179204, 03-0182047, 03-0181212, 03-0172620, 03-0182048, 03-0172617, 03-0172619, 03-0042573, 03-0042576, 03-0178795, 03-0139082, 03-0162644, 03-0173824, 03-0181213, 03-0172253, 03-0182050, 03-0151501, 03-0179201, 03-0181436, 03-0181437, 03-0032402, 03-00324404, 03-0162642, 03-0128131, 03-0128133, 03-0147968, 03-0181211;
c) 03-0014874, 03-0014871, 03-0014878, 03-0014875, 03-0014876, 03-0014877;
d) 03-0182053, 03-0182054, 03-0181621, 03-0179207, 03-0179208, 03-0181600, 03-0181599, 03-0168303, 03-0168304, 03-0155375, 03-0173846, 03-0173847, 03-0181622;
e) 03-0042582, 03-0042580, 03-0042581, 03-0178797, 03-0178798, 03-0178799, 03-0147963, 03-0147964, 03-0147965, 03-0147966;
f) 03-0155377, 03-0173845, 03-0182055, 03-0181623, 03-0155376, 03-0181598, 03-0181624, 03-0179209, 03-0181597, 03-0179210;
a) 03-0182237, 03-0182238, 03-0168105;
b) 03-0168845, 03-0173684, 03-168846, 03-0174935, 03-0174936, 03-0173683
c) 03-0147971;
d) 03-0182232, 03-0182233, 03-0155373, 03-0155374, 03-0179281, 03-0111812, 03-0174933, 03-0161141, 03-0173844, 03-0181625, 03-0173843
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER
DCI Donor Services Tissue Services Division, Nashville, TN, by letters on May 23, 2005. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.
REASON
Human tissue, which was either implicated in a post-transplant bacterial infection, or was processed in the same manner as tissue that was implicated in a post-transplant bacterial infection, was distributed.
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE
170 tissue allografts
DISTRIBUTION
New Mexico, TN, CA, NV, and AK.
______________________________
PRODUCT
Human Cadaveric Unprocessed Tissue, Recall # B-0420-7
CODE
A0501, A0502, A0503, A0504, A0505, A0506, A0507, B0501, B0502, B0503,
B0504, B0505, C0501, C0502, C0503, C0507, C0508, D0402, D0502, D0503,
D0504, D0505, D0509, E0401, E0402, E0403, E0404, E0405, E0406, E0407,
E0410, E0411, E0412, E0413, E0502, E0503, E0504, E0506, E0507, E0508,
E0509, E0510, E0511, F0401, F0402, F0405, F0407, F0408, F0410, F0411,
F0502, F0503, G0402, G0403, G0404, G0405, G0406, G0407, G0409, G0502,
G0503, H0401, I0401, I0402, I0403, J0401, J0402, J0403, J0404, J0405, J0406,
J0407, J0408, J0409, J0501, J0503, K0401, K0402, K0403, K0404, K0405,
K0501, K0502, K0503, K0504, K0505, L0401, L0403, L0404, L0405, L0406,
L0407, L0408, L0409, L0410, L0411, L0412, L0501
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER
Recalling Firm: Donor Referral Services, Raleigh, NC, by facsimile transmission dated June 30, 2006.
Alternate address: Hope of North Carolina, Raleigh, NC. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.
REASON
Human Tissues, recovered from donors without adequate donor eligibility determinations, were distributed.
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE
99 units
DISTRIBUTION
FL and TX
______________________________
PRODUCT
Human Tissue for Transplantation, Recall # B-0421-7:
a) Achilles Tendon (various sizes), Fresh Frozen, Irradiated;
b) Cancellous Chips, Crushed 1-4mm/15 & 30cc, Freeze Dried, Irradiated;
c) Cancellous Chips 4-10mm/15cc, 30cc & 60cc, Freeze Dried, Irradiated;
d) Cancellous, Cortical Chips 1-4mm/30cc, Freeze Dried, Irradiated;
e) Cancellous Cubes 5-5mm/30cc, Freeze Dried, Irradiated;
f) Cloward Dowel (various sizes), Freeze Dried, Irradiated;
g) Cortical Plate 2x20cm, Freeze Dried, Irradiated;
h) Cortical Button 12x9mm, Freeze Dried, Irradiated;
i) Fascia Lata (various sizes), Freeze Dried, Irradiated;
j) Femoral Head w/Neck (various sizes), Fresh Frozen, Irradiated;
k) Femoral Ring 30mm, Fresh Frozen, Irradiated;
l) Femur Segment 6.0cm, Fresh Frozen, Irradiated;
m) Femur Shaft, Split 23cm, Fresh Frozen, Irradiated;
n) Fibula Ring 0.7cm, Freeze Dried, Irradiated;
o) Fibula Segment (various sizes), Freeze Dried, Irradiated;
p) Gracilis 0.7x28cm, Fresh Frozen, Irradiated;
q) Ilium Tricortical Block (various sizes), Freeze Dried, Irradiated;
r) Patella Tendon, Bisected (various sizes), Fresh Frozen, Irradiated;
s) Patella Tricortical 8x26mm, Freeze Dried, Irradiated;
t) Semitendonosus (various sizes), Fresh Frozen, Irradiated;
u) Tibialis Tendon Anterior (various sizes), Fresh Frozen, Irradiated;
v) Tibialis Tendon Posterior (various sizes), Fresh Frozen, Irradiated;
w) Tibial Shaft, Split (various sizes)
CODE
a) 05-0131-071, 05-0131-072, 05-0138-008, 06-0007-009, 06-0007-010,
06-0019-003;
b) 05-0129-001, 05-0129-002, 05-0129-004, 05-0129-005, 05-0129-007,
05-0129-008, 05-0131-040, 05-0131-041, 05-0131-042, 05-0131-043,
05-0131-044, 05-0131-045, 05-0131-046, 05-0131-047, 05-0131-048,
05-0131-049, 05-0138-023, 05-0138-024, 05-0138-025, 05-0138-026,
05-0139-014, 05-0139-016, 05-0139-017, 05-0139-018, 06-0007-015,
06-0007-016, 06-0007-017, 06-0007-018, 06-0019-017, 06-0019-018,
06-0019-020;
c) 05-0129-009, 05-0129-010, 05-0129-011, 05-0129-012, 05-0129-013,
05-0129-014, 05-129-015, 05-0129-016, 05-0129-017, 05-0131-019,
05-0131-020, 05-0131-021, 05-0131-022, 05-0131-023, 05-0131-024,
05-0131-025, 05-0131-026, 05-0131-027, 05-0131-028, 05-0131-029,
05-0131-030, 05-0131-031, 05-0138-027, 05-0138-029, 05-0138-030,
05-0138-032, 05-0139-019, 05-0139-020, 05-0139-021, 05-0139-022,
05-0139-023, 06-0007-019, 06-0007-020, 06-0007-021, 06-0007-022,
06-0007-023, 06-0007-024, 06-0019-022, 06-0019-023, 06-0019-024,
06-0019-025, 06-0019-026, 06-0019-027;
d) 05-0139-059, 05-0139-060, 05-0139-061, 05-0139-062, 05-0139-063,
05-0139-064, 05-0139-065, 05-0139-066, 05-0139-067, 05-0139-068;
e) 05-0131-014, 05-0131-015, 05-0131-016, 05-0131-017, 05-0131-018,
06-0007-025;
f) 05-0131-050, 05-0131-051, 05-0131-052, 05-0131-053, 05-0131-055,
05-0131-056, 05-0131-057, 06-0007-030;
g) 05-0138-011, 05-0138-012, 05-0138-013, 05-0139-001, 05-0139-002,
06-0007-035, 06-0007-037, 06-0019-016;
h) 05-0139-008;
i) 06-0007-013, 06-0007-014;
j) 05-0138-022, 05-0139-030, 05-0139-031, 06-0007-032, 06-0007-033;
k) 06-0019-009, 06-0019-010, 06-0019-011, 06-0019-012, 06-0019-013,
06-0019-014, 6-0019-015;
l) 05-0131-066, 05-0131-067, 05-0131-069, 05-0131-070;
m) 05-0129-025;
n) 05-0131-037, 06-0007-027, 06-0007-028;
o) 05-0131-036, 05-0138-018, 05-0138-020, 05-0138-021;
p) 06-0007-008;
q) 05-0131-032, 05-0131-033, 05-0131-034, 05-0131-075;
r) 05-0129-032, 05-0129-033, 05-0129-034, 05-0131-073, 05-0131-074,
06-0007-011, 06-0007-012;
s) 06-0007-031;
t) 05-0138-003, 06-0007-006;
u) 06-0007-001, 06-0007-002;
v) 06-0007-003, 06-0007-004;
w) 05-0139-003, 05-0139-005, 05-0139-006
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER
Alamo Tissue Services, Ltd., San Antonio, TX, by letters on June 28, 2006. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.
REASON
Human Tissues, recovered from donors without adequate donor eligibility determinations, were distributed.
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE
161 units
DISTRIBUTION
Nationwide
RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II
______________________________
PRODUCT
Feed 454A - Kalmbach 18% Turkey & Broiler Grower/Finisher Pellet (Medicated), Net Weight 50 LBS., Recall # V-009-2007
CODE
Lot: 004863
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER
Kalmbach Feeds Inc, Upper Sandusky OH, by telephone on November 29, 2006. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.
REASON
Off label use of Type A medicated article. Product is labeled for calves and used in poultry feed.
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE
50/50 lb. bags
DISTRIBUTION
PA and MI
END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR DECEMBER 27, 2006
###
http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00984.html
FDA FORMS TASK FORCE ON HUMAN TISSUE SAFETY, TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY
http://www.microbes.info/forums/index.php?showtopic=375
http://lists.ifas.ufl.edu/cgi-bin/wa.exe?A2=ind0612&L=sanet-mg&T=0&P=12771
http://lists.iatp.org/listarchive/archive.cfm?id=119823
http://lists.ifas.ufl.edu/cgi-bin/wa.exe?A2=ind0612&L=sanet-mg&T=0&P=11421
http://lists.ifas.ufl.edu/cgi-bin/wa.exe?A2=ind0612&L=sanet-mg&T=0&P=5165
http://list.uvm.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0610b&L=safety&D=1&P=2658
http://vcjdblood.blogspot.com/
TSS